Kalpana Chawla Life and journey

It’s been 14 years since her passing, but Indo-American astronaut, Kalpana Chawla continues to be an inspirational force for youth all-over, especially girls. Born in Karnal-Punjab, Kalpana overcame all odds and fulfilled her dream of reaching for the stars. On her death anniversary today, we share a few details about Chawla’s incredible journey.

Early life: Kalpana was born on March 17, 1962, in Karnal, Haryana. Born into a middle-class family, she completed her schooling from Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School, Karnal and her B.Tech in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College at Chandigarh, India in 1982.

Life in the US: To fulfil her desire of becoming an astronaut, Kalpana aimed to join NASA and moved to the United States in 1982. She obtained a Master’s degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1984 and a second Master’s in 1986. She then earned a doctorate in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder. Wedding bells: There’s always time for romance. In 1983, Kalpana tied the knot with Jean-Pierre Harrison, a flying instructor and an aviation author.

Work at NASA: In 1988, Kalpana’s dream of joining NASA finally came true. She was offered the position of Vice President of Overset Methods, Inc at NASA Research Center and was later assigned to do Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research on Vertical/Short

Takeoff and Landing concepts.

Taking flight: Kalpana was certified with a commercial pilot license for seaplanes, multi-engine aircraft and glider. She was also a certified flight Instructor for glider and airplanes.

US Citizenship and continuation at NASA: On acquiring US citizenship in 1991, Kalpana Chawla applied for the NASA Astronaut Corps. She joined the Corps in March 1995 and was selected for her first flight in 1996.

First mission: Kalpana’s first space mission began on November 19, 1997. She was part of the six-astronaut crew that flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. Not only was Chawla the first Indian-born woman to fly in space, but also the second Indian do so. During her first mission, Kalpana travelled over 10.4 million miles in 252 orbits of the earth, logging more than 372 hours in space.

Second mission: In 2000, Kalpana was selected for her second flight as part of the crew of STS-107. However, the mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems, such as the July 2002 discovery of cracks in the shuttle engine flow liners. On January 16, 2003, Chawla finally returned to space aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on the ill-fated STS-107 mission. Her responsibilities included the microgravity experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety.

Death: On February 1, 2003, Kalpana died in space along with seven crew members in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. The tragedy occurred when the Space Shuttle disintegrated over Texas during its re-entry into the earth’s atmosphere.

Awards and honours: During the course of her career, Kalpana received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, NASA Space Flight Medal and NASA Distinguished Service Medal. Following her death, the Prime Minister of India announced that the meteorological series of satellites, MetSat, was to be renamed ‘Kalpana’ in 2003. The first satellite of the series, ‘MetSat-1’, launched by India on September 12, 2002 was renamed ‘Kalpana-1’. Meanwhile, The Kalpana Chawla Award was instituted by the Government of Karnataka in 2004 to recognise young women scientists. NASA on the other hand has dedicated a supercomputer to the memory of Kalpana Chawla.

Kalpana chawla life history..

Maths - Angles

Angle Definition:

A shape, formed by two lines or rays diverging from a common point (the vertex). Try this Adjust the angle below by dragging the orange dot. 

Hide details Print RESET Attributes Vertex The vertex is the common point at which the two lines or rays are joined. Point B is the figure above is the vertex of the angle ∠ABC.

Legs The legs (sides) of an angle are the two lines that make it up. In the figure above, the line segments AB and BC are the legs of the angle ∠ABC.

Interior The interior of an angle is the space in the 'jaws' of the angle extending out to infinity. See Interior of an Angle Exterior All the space on the plane that is not the interior. See Interior of an Angle  Identifying an angle An angle can be identified in two ways.

Like this: ∠ABC The angle symbol, followed by three points that define the angle, with the middle letter being the vertex, and the other two on the legs. So in the figure above the angle would be ∠ABC or ∠CBA.

So long as the vertex is the middle letter, the order is not important. As a shorthand we can use the 'angle' symbol. For example '∠ABC' would be read as 'the angle ABC'. Or like this: ∠B Just by the vertex, so long as it is not ambiguous.

So in the figure above the angle could also be called simply '∠B' Measure of an angle The size of an angle is measured in degrees (see Angle Measures).

When we say 'the angle ABC' we mean the actual angle object. If we want to talk about the size, or measure, of the angle in degrees, we should say 'the measure of the angle ABC' - often written m∠ABC.

However, many times we will see '∠ABC=34°'. Strictly speaking this is an error. It should say 'm∠ABC=34°'  Types of angle Altogether, there are six types of angle as listed below.

Click on an image for a full description of that type and a corresponding interactive applet.  Acute angle Less than 90° Right angle Exactly 90° Obtuse angle Between 90° and 180°  Straight angle Exactly 180° Reflex angle Between 180° and 360° Full angle Exactly 360° In Trigonometry When used in trigonometry, angles have some extra properties:

They can have a measure greater than 360°, can be positive and negative, and are positioned on a coordinate grid with x and y axes. They are usually measured in radians instead of degrees. For more on this see Angle definition and properties (trigonometry).

Angle construction In the Constructions chapter, there are animated demonstrations of various constructions of angles using only a compass and straightedge. Copying an angle Constructing a 30° angle Constructing a 45° angle Constructing a 60° angle Constructing a 90° angle (perpendicular, right angle) at:

the end of a line segment a point on a line segment through a point not on a line segment the midpoint of a a line segment

Angles

SENSORY ORGANS

Sensory organs of human beings

Vivekanandar Quotes

Vivekanandar quotes in Tamil

Education Quotes

Purpose of Education

மரம் வளர்ப்போம் மழை பெறுவோம்

My school...Government High school... Puliyankurichi

Sonnet

English Sonnet

Literature

Forms and Types of poem

LITERARY PAPERS AND MAGAZINES

      Journals which are no longer.    

                   published    

Adam Sanat (Turkey, 1985–2005)

The American Mercury (United States, 1924–1981)

Antaeus (Morocco and United States, 1970–1994)

Anything That Moves (United States, 1990–2002)

Araragi (Japan, 1908–1997)

Ars Interpres (Sweden, 2003–2012)

Athenaeum (United Kingdom, 1828–1921)

Bananas (United Kingdom, 1975–1979)

The Beau (United Kingdom, 1981–1984)

The Bibelot (United States, 1895–1914)

Blast (United Kingdom, 1914–1915)

The Bookman (United States, 1895–1933)

The Bookman (United Kingdom, 1891–1934)

Bordercrossing Berlin (Germany, 2006-2008)

Botteghe Oscure (Italy, 1948–1960)

The Century Magazine (United States, 1881–1930)

Chelsea (United States, 1958–2007)

The Christian Spectator (United States, 1819–1843)

CLUTCH (United States, 1991–1998)

Contempo (United States, 1931–1934)

The Criterion (United Kingdom, 1922–1939)

DDT (United States, 1980?-2005)

Descant (Canada, 1970-2015)

The Dial (United States, 1840–1929)

The Dome (United Kingdom, 1897–1900)

The Dublin Magazine (Ireland, 1923–1958)

Edinburgh Review (United Kingdom, 1822–1929)

The Egoist (United Kingdom, 1914–1919)

Encounter (United Kingdom, 1953–1991)

The English Intelligencer (United Kingdom, 1966–1968)

The Glebe (United States, 1913–1914)

Grand Street (United States, 1981–2004)

The Harvard Monthly (United States, 1885–1917)

Horizon (United Kingdom, 1940–1949)

The Inner Well (United States, 1966-1968)

Ireland Today (Ireland, 1936–1938)

The Lace Curtain (United Kingdom, 1969–1978)

The Little Review (United States, 1914–1929)

The Messenger (United States, 1917–1928)

Modern Review (United Kingdom, 1991–1995)

Moody Street Irregulars (United States, 1978–1992)

Muschelhaufen (Germany, 1962–2008)

The Nebraska Review (United States, 1972–2003)

Nemonymous (United Kingdom, 2001–2010?)

The New Englander (United States, 1843–1884)

New World Writing (United States, 1951–1964)

New Yorkshire Writing (United Kingdom, 1977–1979)

Nineteenth Century (and After) (United Kingdom, 1877–1972)

Nocturnal Submissions (Australia, 1991–1999)

Old Crow Review (United States, 1990–2005)

Ole' Magazine (United States, circa 1966?) Optimism Monthly (Czech Republic, 1995–2009)

Others: A Magazine of the New Verse (United States, 1915–1919)

Partisan Review (United States, 1934–2003)

Pearl (United States, 1974-2014)

Pen Pusher (United Kingdom, 2005–2011)

Pertinent (Australia, 1940-1947)

The Port Folio (United States, 1800–1814)

Puck (United States, 1990s?)

Quarterly Review of Literature (United States, 1943–1999)

The Quiet Feather (United Kingdom, 2003–2007)

Ramparts (United States, 1962–1975) Revue de Paris (France, 1829–????)

San Francisco Review of Books (United States, 1975–1997)

The Savoy (United Kingdom, 1896)

Scribner's Magazine (United States, 1887–1939)

Scripsi (Australia, 1981–1994)

Shadowed Realms (online, 2004–2006)

The Smart Set (United States, 1900–1930)

Story (Austria and U.S., 1931–2000)

Tel Quel (France, 1960–1982)

The Transatlantic Review (France/UK, 1924)

Transatlantic Review (US/UK, 1959–1977)

Transition (France, 1927–1938)

Vedem (Czech Republic, 1942–1944)

X (United Kingdom, 1959–1962)

Yale Review (United States, 1885–1892)

The Yellow Book (United Kingdom, 1894–1897)

Journals which are no longer published

Freedom Fighters of India

Freedom Fighters

Books and Author Name

The Best books all time

Indian freedom movement

India freedom

The Brave Rani Of Jhansi.

Bravest woman

ENGLISH LITERATURE

                Literary Periods,         

                Movements, and  

               History Literature

       History Henry Augustin Beers was a literature historian and professor at Yale who lived at the turn of the 19th century. He wrote intensely detailed histories of American and English literature, covering the periods up until what were his modern times. We have collected those works below.

English Literature History From the Conquest to Chaucer 1066-1400

From Chaucer to Spenser 1400-1599

The Age of Shakespeare 1564-1616

The Age of Milton 1608-1674

From the Restoration to the Death of Pope 1660-1744

The Death of Pope to the French Revolution 1744-1789

The French Revolution to the Death of Scott 1789-1832

From the Death of Scott to the Present Time 1832-1893

Appendix

        American Literature History

Preface The Colonial Period 1607-1765

The Revolutionary Period 1765-1815

The Era of National Expansion 1815-1837

The Concord Writers 1837-1861

The Cambridge Scholars 1837-1861

Literature in the Cities 1837-1861

Literature Since 1861

Appendix

Periods of English Literature

Poem

INCLUSION                                      

                         UNIT 4                         

                         POEM                    

                      INCLUSION                                      
                  
To be a part                                            

And not stand apart                                        
To belong                    

And not to be isolated

To have friends

And not just companions

To feel needed

And not just a person with needs

To participate

And not just be a spectator

To have responsibilities

And not just enjoy rights

To have opportunities

And not favours

Is to be really included.

                        -DIPTI BHATIA

INDIAN MATHEMATICS

              INDIAN MATHEMATICS -    

                   BRAHMAGUPTA.    

         Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) The great 7th Century Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta wrote some important works on both mathematics and astronomy.

             He was from the state of Rajasthan of northwest India (he is often referred to as Bhillamalacarya, the teacher from Bhillamala), and later became the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain in central India.

             Most of his works are composed in elliptic verse, a common practice in Indian mathematics at the time, and consequently have something of a poetic ring to them. It seems likely that Brahmagupta's works, especially his most famous text, the

             "Brahmasphutasiddhanta", were brought by the 8th Century Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur to his newly founded centre of learning at Baghdad on the banks of the Tigris, providing an important link between Indian mathematics and astronomy and the nascent upsurge in science and mathematics in the Islamic world. In his work on arithmetic, Brahmagupta explained how to find the cube and cube-root of an integer and gave rules facilitating the computation of squares and square roots.

              He also gave rules for dealing with five types of combinations of fractions. He gave the sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers as n(n + 1)(2n + 1)⁄ 6 and the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers as (n(n + 1)⁄2)².  Brahmagupta’s rules for dealing with zero and negative numbers "Brahmagupta’s genius, thou"gh, came in his treatment of the concept of (then relatively new) the number zero.

         Although often also attributed to the 7th Century Indian mathematician Bhaskara I, his "Brahmasphutasiddhanta" is probably the earliest known text to treat zero as a number in its own right, rather than as simply a placeholder digit as was done by the Babylonians, or as a symbol for a lack of quantity as was done by the Greeks and Romans.

             Brahmagupta established the basic mathematical rules for dealing with zero (1 + 0 = 1; 1 - 0 = 1; and 1 x 0 = 0), although his understanding of division by zero was incomplete (he thought that 1 ÷ 0 = 0). Almost 500 years later, in the 12th Century, another Indian mathematician, Bhaskara II, showed that the answer should be infinity, not zero (on the grounds that 1 can be divided into an infinite number of pieces of size zero), an answer that was considered correct for centuries.

                However, this logic does not explain why 2 ÷ 0, 7 ÷ 0, etc, should also be zero - the modern view is that a number divided by zero is actually "undefined" (i.e. it doesn't make sense). Brahmagupta’s view of numbers as abstract entities, rather than just for counting and measuring, allowed him to make yet another huge conceptual leap which would have profound consequence for future mathematics. Previously, the sum 3 - 4, for example, was considered to be either meaningless or, at best, just zero. Brahmagupta, however, realized that there could be such a thing as a negative number, which he referred to as “debt” as a opposed to "property".

  
              He expounded on the rules for dealing with negative numbers (e.g. a negative times a negative is a positive, a negative times a positive is a negative, etc). Furthermore, he pointed out, quadratic equations (of the type x2 + 2 = 11, for example) could in theory have two possible solutions, one of which could be negative, because 32 = 9 and -32 = 9. In addition to his work on solutions to general linear equations and quadratic equations, Brahmagupta went yet further by considering systems of simultaneous equations (set of equations containing multiple variables), and solving quadratic equations with two unknowns, something which was not even considered in the West until a thousand years later, when Fermat was considering similar problems in 1657.

               Brahmagupta’s Theorem on cyclic quadrilaterals Brahmagupta even attempted to write down these rather abstract concepts, using the initials of the names of colours to represent unknowns in his equations, one of the earliest intimations of what we now know as algebra.

              Brahmagupta dedicated a substantial portion of his work to geometry and trigonometry. He established √10 (3.162277) as a good practical approximation for π (3.141593), and gave a formula, now known as Brahmagupta's Formula, for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral, as well as a celebrated theorem on the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral, usually referred to as Brahmagupta's Theorem.

       "The Story of Mathematics"

Aristotle Quotes....

                  ARISTOTLE QUOTES                

10)......"It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light."           

9)......"Quality is not an act, it is a habit."    

8)......"The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet."                                   

7)......"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it."                                                    

6)......"Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit."                                                              

5)......"Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work."                                                      

4)....."There is no great genius without some touch of madness."                             

3)......"The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal."               

2)......"Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies."                                  

1)......."My best friend is the man who in wishing me well wishes it for my sake."

This is ten famous quotes for ARISTOTLE