The principles of inclusive education
Thursday, 14 December 2017
Wednesday, 13 December 2017
Innovative school....
Yercaud..... Monfort School....
This school is very amazing, neat and clean, silent.....
The students are wearing uniform properly, ...
All facilities are have that school....
Thursday, 23 November 2017
Monday, 13 November 2017
Why celebrating the Children's Day, what is the reason?
Children's Day Celebrating
Children’s Day is celebrated on November 14 commemorating the birthday of first Prime Minister of independent India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Known for his love and affection towards children, his birthday came to be celebrated as children’s day in the country.
He was affectionately addressed as Chacha Nehru by children. Also, known as Bal Divas, the day is celebrated with much zeal and enthusiasm in the country. Along with children’s day being a fun day for kids, it also tries to emphasize on children’s rights and needs.
It talks about the importance of the right to education, care, and a safe childhood. Nehru is often cited as saying that children should be lovingly nurtured as they are nation’s future citizens. Different countries celebrate Children’s Day on various dates.
As per the United Nation’s recommendation, Universal Children’s Day is celebrated on November 20. The United Kingdom first proclaimed children’s day in 1954 to encourage all countries to institute a day to promote mutual understanding among children and promote children’s welfare across the world.
Indian Children day has its roots back to 1959. Prior the death of Jawahar Lal Nehru, India celebrated November 20 as children’s day as observed by United Nations. Following the death of Nehru in 1964, Nehru’s birthday was unanimously decided to be celebrated as Bal Diwas or children day in India. Children’s Day celebrations in India Children’s day is celebrated with much enthusiasm by schools in India.
Cultural programs, various events, workshops are held on this day. Some distribute roses among children as it is believed that Nehru was fond of it. In some schools, children dress up as Chacha Nehru depicting the day’s importance.
Games and sporting events are also held in schools to involve children in the celebrations. Schools also distribute sweets among children. Delhi has planned to hold cultural and extracurricular activities on November 14 at more than 100 locations across the city. Schools and colleges will remain close to letting children enjoy the day.
However, in the view of smog in the national capital, it is not sure if the activities planned for children will be held. Also, this year, children will ring the NSE (National Stock Exchange) bell and take a round of the NSE building accompanied by senior UNICEF and NSE officials on November 14, as per reports.
The ‘KidsTakeOverNSE’ event is being organized to celebrate the Children’s Day as part of the UNICEF’s initiative to let children hold high-visibility roles in various fields.
Sunday, 12 November 2017
Grammar... Parts of sentences
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
The subject of a complete sentence is who or what the sentence is about, and the predicate tells about that subject. The dog ran.
The dog is the subject of the sentence, because the sentence is telling something about that dog.
Saturday, 11 November 2017
Abraham Lincoln.....
THE ONE MINUTE APOLOGY
I am using chart and teach lesson for 9th standard...
There are all students listen early, i am asking many questions to the students, they are answer very well... They are very birriliant students....
Friday, 10 November 2017
எனது பள்ளி கருத்தரங்கம்....
அரசினர் உயர்நிலைப் பள்ளி .......
புளியங்குறிச்சி......
இன்று எனது பள்ளியில் கருத்தரங்கம் நடைப்பெற்றது.....
நிலச்சரிவு,நிலநடுக்கம் மற்றும் வெள்ளப் பெருக்கு ஏற்படும் போது எவ்வாறு நாம் நம்மை காத்துக்கொள்ள வேண்டும் என்பதை எனது பள்ளி ஆங்கில ஆசிரியர் தம் மாணவர்களுக்கு மிக அழகாக எடுத்துரைத்தார்....
அவருக்கு எங்கள் இதயப்பூர்வமான நன்றி......🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
எனது பள்ளி....
அரசு உயர்நிலைப் பள்ளி....புளியங்குறிச்சி...
தற்போது டெங்கு காய்ச்சலால் மக்கள் அனைவரும் அவதிப்படும் நிலையில், மாணவர்களின் உடல் நலனை கருத்தில் கொண்டு எங்கள் பள்ளி தலைமை ஆசிரியர் மற்றும் இருபால் ஆசிரியர்களின் துணையோடு இன்று எனது பள்ளியில் கொசு மருந்து அடிக்கப்பட்டது......
இப்படிக்கு.
ப.உமாமகேஸ்வரி
Thursday, 9 November 2017
Saturday, 4 November 2017
Helen Keller
Helen Keller Biography Born
June 27, 1880 Tuscumbia, Alabama Died: June 1, 1968 Westport, Connecticut American activist for the physically disabled Though both blind and deaf, American lecturer and author Helen Keller (1880–1968) traveled the world over, fighting for improvement in the education and life of the physically handicapped. Helen becomes deaf and blind Helen Adams Keller was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama, on June 27, 1880.
Her parents were Captain Arthur H. Keller and Katherine Adams Keller. Her father was a veteran of the confederate army (army that fought to separate from the United States during the Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865).
He also was the editor of the local newspaper, the North Alabamian. Helen was born a normal child. She started speaking when she was six months old. By the time she was a year old, she was able to communicate with her parents and she had also learned to walk.
When Helen was eighteen months old an illness developed that the doctor described as brain congestion. She ran a high fever for many days, and then the fever was gone. Helen was left deaf and blind from the illness. Helen became a very wild, unruly child. She would scream and kick when she was angry and giggle and laugh when happy.
She developed many of her own signals to communicate her needs with her parents. Her early learning When Helen was six, her mother contacted Dr. Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922), whom she had heard was working on devices to help the deaf. Bell met with Helen and her parents and suggested that they contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts. In March 1887 Anne Sullivan (1866–1936), a teacher at the institute, came to serve as Helen's teacher.
Anne was twenty-one years old and had sight limitations of her own. One month after her arrival, Sullivan had taught Keller the word "water." She did this by using her fingers to spell letters into Helen's hand. From this she understood that objects had names, and that her teacher spelled these names into her hand.
This unlocked a whole new world of learning for Helen. Anne Sullivan was with Helen day and night, constantly spelling into her hand the words and ideas of things going on around them. Helen was a quick learner. In only three years she learned the manual alphabet (sign language), the Braille alphabet (an alphabet created by Louis Braille [1809–1852] for the blind that relies on raised dots to communicate), and she could read and write. Schools and education Helen wanted to learn to speak, and in 1890 she began taking speech classes at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf in Boston.
She worked diligently at learning to speak. After twenty-five years of hard work and practice, Helen was able to speak in a voice that others could understand. From 1894 to 1896 Helen attended the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf. Here she continued to work on improving her communication, as well as her math, French, German, and geography. In this way Helen prepared herself for college and went on to Cambridge School for Young Ladies.
Anne Sullivan attended every class with Helen and interpreted the lectures and books for her, as they were not in Braille. By the time she was sixteen, Keller had passed the admissions examinations for Radcliffe College; in 1904 she graduated cum laude (with honors). This was all done with the assistance of Anne Sullivan interpreting the lectures and texts. Helen Keller. Courtesy of the Library of Congress .
Devotes life to helping others As a young woman Keller became determined to learn about the world and to improve the lives of others. With insight, energy, and deep devotion to humanity, she lectured throughout the world, worked to forward her ideas in Congress, and wrote thousands of letters asking for contributions to finance efforts to improve the welfare of the blind.
She visited hospitals and helped blind soldiers. She taught the blind to be courageous and to make their lives rich, productive, and beautiful for others and for themselves.
Keller associated with some of the greatest people of her time, including Alexander Graham Bell, Mark Twain (1835–1910), Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919), John D. Rockefeller Sr. (1839–1937), and Presidents Grover Cleveland (1838–1908), Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933), and Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924). She authored such books as Helen Keller's Journal, Out of the Dark, Midstream: My Later Life, My Religion, The Song of the Stone Wall, The World I Live In, and The Story of My Life.
Sullivan served as Keller's counselor and companion. When Keller died in 1968 her name had become a worldwide symbol of what the human spirit can accomplish despite severe physical limitations. For More Information Ford, Carin T. Helen Keller: Lighting the Way for the Blind and Deaf. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow, 2001. Herrmann, Dorothy.
Helen Keller:
A Life. New York: A. Knopf, 1998. Keller, Helen. Light in My Darkness. 2nd ed. West Chester, PA: Chrysalis Books, 2000. Keller, Helen. The Story of My Life. New York: Doubleday, Page, & Co., 1903, revised edition 1991. Lash, Joseph P. Helen and Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Press, 1980.
She is a Differently abled child
Poem : A Tiger in the Zoo
A TIGER IN THE ZOO
This poem is a beautiful representation of the plight of animals. People trap animals and keep them in cages in a zoo but they do not realise that a wild animal is better off in its natural habitat. The poet has shown a stark contrast in the living style of a tiger in a zoo and a tiger in a forest.
A tiger, when kept in a cage, is not happy. He stalks the cage in a rage because he is furious to be held a captive. He should be left to wander in the forest and hunt his own food. A tiger usually hides in the tall grass and waits for his prey and then pounces on it, but if kept in a cage, he has to eat the food that is given to him.
According to the poet, a tiger should be allowed to roam about freely near the villages that are on the edge of the forests and terrorise the villagers.But unfortunately, the tiger is locked up in a concrete cell and has learnt to ignore people as he cannot pounce on them.
He is forced to stay in his cage and listen to the sounds of the patrolling cars outside, when he should have been on the prowl in the forest.
His bright eyes look sadly at the shining stars up in the sky.The poet has very cleverly made us realise that even in this modern world we all look up to nature for respite from the fast moving life. Trapped in a cage, the tiger feels an affinity to the stars and through them to nature.
Leslie Norris
Salim Ali.. The birdman of India
Salim Ali :
Salim Ali, one of the greatest ornithologists and naturalists of all time, is also known as the “birdman of India”. He was one of the very first scientists to carry out systematic bird surveys in India and abroad. His research work is considered highly influential in the development of ornithology. Advertisements
Early Life :
As a 10-year-old, Salim once noticed a flying bird and shot it down. Tender at heart, he instantly ran and picked it up. It appeared like a house sparrow, but had a strange yellowish shade on the throat. Curious, he showed the sparrow to his uncle Amiruddin and questioned him about the bird’s kind. Unable to answer, his uncle took him to W.S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary of the Bomaby Natural History Society. Amazed at the unusual interest of the young boy, Millard took him to see many stuffed birds. When Salim finally saw a bird similar to the child’s bird, he got very excited. After that, the young Salim started visiting the place frequently.
Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali was born on November 12, 1896. He attended college, but did not receive any university degree. To assist his brother in wolfram mining, he went to Burma, but spent most of his time looking for birds. Soon, he returned back to Bombay.
Contributions and Achievements:
As soon as Salim returned, he studied zoology, and secured a position of a guide at the museum of the Bombay Natural History Society. Only 20 years old, he conducted the visitors and instructed them about the preserved birds. His interest in the living conditions of birds grew even more. Therefore, Salim visited Germany and saw Dr. Irvin Strassman. He came back to India after one year but his post in the museum had been removed for financial reasons. Salim Ali, as a married man, required money to make a living, so he joined the museum as a clerk. The job allowed him to carry on with his research. His wife’s house at Kihim, a small village near Mumbai, was a tranquil place surrounded by trees, where Salim would spend most of his time researching about the activities of the weaver bird. He published a research paper discussing the nature and activities of the weaver bird in 1930. The piece made him famous and established his name in the field of ornithology. Salim also traveled from place to place to find out more about different species of the birds. From what he had collected, he published
“The Book of Indian Birds in 1941”
in which he discussed the kinds and habits of Indian birds. The book sold very well for a number of years. He also collaborated with S. Dillon Ripley, a world-famous ornithologist, in 1948. The collaboration resulted in the ‘Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan’ (10 Volume Set); a comprehensive book that describes the birds of the subcontinent, their appearance, habitat, breeding habits, migration etc. Salim also published other books. His work “The Fall of Sparrow” included many incidents from his real life.
Later Life and Death:
Salim not only researched about birds, but also contributed to the arena of protection of nature. For his extraordinary efforts, he was given an international award of INR 5 lacs, but he donated all the money to Bombay Natural History Society. The Government of India honored him with Padma Vibushan in 1983. This genius man died at the age of 90 on June 20, 1987.
He is a most famous Ornithologist
Tuesday, 24 October 2017
Kalpana Chawla Life and journey
It’s been 14 years since her passing, but Indo-American astronaut, Kalpana Chawla continues to be an inspirational force for youth all-over, especially girls. Born in Karnal-Punjab, Kalpana overcame all odds and fulfilled her dream of reaching for the stars. On her death anniversary today, we share a few details about Chawla’s incredible journey.
Early life: Kalpana was born on March 17, 1962, in Karnal, Haryana. Born into a middle-class family, she completed her schooling from Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School, Karnal and her B.Tech in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College at Chandigarh, India in 1982.
Life in the US: To fulfil her desire of becoming an astronaut, Kalpana aimed to join NASA and moved to the United States in 1982. She obtained a Master’s degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1984 and a second Master’s in 1986. She then earned a doctorate in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder. Wedding bells: There’s always time for romance. In 1983, Kalpana tied the knot with Jean-Pierre Harrison, a flying instructor and an aviation author.
Work at NASA: In 1988, Kalpana’s dream of joining NASA finally came true. She was offered the position of Vice President of Overset Methods, Inc at NASA Research Center and was later assigned to do Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research on Vertical/Short
Takeoff and Landing concepts.
Taking flight: Kalpana was certified with a commercial pilot license for seaplanes, multi-engine aircraft and glider. She was also a certified flight Instructor for glider and airplanes.
US Citizenship and continuation at NASA: On acquiring US citizenship in 1991, Kalpana Chawla applied for the NASA Astronaut Corps. She joined the Corps in March 1995 and was selected for her first flight in 1996.
First mission: Kalpana’s first space mission began on November 19, 1997. She was part of the six-astronaut crew that flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. Not only was Chawla the first Indian-born woman to fly in space, but also the second Indian do so. During her first mission, Kalpana travelled over 10.4 million miles in 252 orbits of the earth, logging more than 372 hours in space.
Second mission: In 2000, Kalpana was selected for her second flight as part of the crew of STS-107. However, the mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems, such as the July 2002 discovery of cracks in the shuttle engine flow liners. On January 16, 2003, Chawla finally returned to space aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on the ill-fated STS-107 mission. Her responsibilities included the microgravity experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety.
Death: On February 1, 2003, Kalpana died in space along with seven crew members in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. The tragedy occurred when the Space Shuttle disintegrated over Texas during its re-entry into the earth’s atmosphere.
Awards and honours: During the course of her career, Kalpana received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, NASA Space Flight Medal and NASA Distinguished Service Medal. Following her death, the Prime Minister of India announced that the meteorological series of satellites, MetSat, was to be renamed ‘Kalpana’ in 2003. The first satellite of the series, ‘MetSat-1’, launched by India on September 12, 2002 was renamed ‘Kalpana-1’. Meanwhile, The Kalpana Chawla Award was instituted by the Government of Karnataka in 2004 to recognise young women scientists. NASA on the other hand has dedicated a supercomputer to the memory of Kalpana Chawla.
Kalpana chawla life history..
Monday, 23 October 2017
Maths - Angles
Angle Definition:
A shape, formed by two lines or rays diverging from a common point (the vertex). Try this Adjust the angle below by dragging the orange dot.
Hide details Print RESET Attributes Vertex The vertex is the common point at which the two lines or rays are joined. Point B is the figure above is the vertex of the angle ∠ABC.
Legs The legs (sides) of an angle are the two lines that make it up. In the figure above, the line segments AB and BC are the legs of the angle ∠ABC.
Interior The interior of an angle is the space in the 'jaws' of the angle extending out to infinity. See Interior of an Angle Exterior All the space on the plane that is not the interior. See Interior of an Angle Identifying an angle An angle can be identified in two ways.
Like this: ∠ABC The angle symbol, followed by three points that define the angle, with the middle letter being the vertex, and the other two on the legs. So in the figure above the angle would be ∠ABC or ∠CBA.
So long as the vertex is the middle letter, the order is not important. As a shorthand we can use the 'angle' symbol. For example '∠ABC' would be read as 'the angle ABC'. Or like this: ∠B Just by the vertex, so long as it is not ambiguous.
So in the figure above the angle could also be called simply '∠B' Measure of an angle The size of an angle is measured in degrees (see Angle Measures).
When we say 'the angle ABC' we mean the actual angle object. If we want to talk about the size, or measure, of the angle in degrees, we should say 'the measure of the angle ABC' - often written m∠ABC.
However, many times we will see '∠ABC=34°'. Strictly speaking this is an error. It should say 'm∠ABC=34°' Types of angle Altogether, there are six types of angle as listed below.
Click on an image for a full description of that type and a corresponding interactive applet. Acute angle Less than 90° Right angle Exactly 90° Obtuse angle Between 90° and 180° Straight angle Exactly 180° Reflex angle Between 180° and 360° Full angle Exactly 360° In Trigonometry When used in trigonometry, angles have some extra properties:
They can have a measure greater than 360°, can be positive and negative, and are positioned on a coordinate grid with x and y axes. They are usually measured in radians instead of degrees. For more on this see Angle definition and properties (trigonometry).
Angle construction In the Constructions chapter, there are animated demonstrations of various constructions of angles using only a compass and straightedge. Copying an angle Constructing a 30° angle Constructing a 45° angle Constructing a 60° angle Constructing a 90° angle (perpendicular, right angle) at:
the end of a line segment a point on a line segment through a point not on a line segment the midpoint of a a line segment
Angles
Sunday, 22 October 2017
LITERARY PAPERS AND MAGAZINES
Journals which are no longer.
published
Adam Sanat (Turkey, 1985–2005)
The American Mercury (United States, 1924–1981)
Antaeus (Morocco and United States, 1970–1994)
Anything That Moves (United States, 1990–2002)
Araragi (Japan, 1908–1997)
Ars Interpres (Sweden, 2003–2012)
Athenaeum (United Kingdom, 1828–1921)
Bananas (United Kingdom, 1975–1979)
The Beau (United Kingdom, 1981–1984)
The Bibelot (United States, 1895–1914)
Blast (United Kingdom, 1914–1915)
The Bookman (United States, 1895–1933)
The Bookman (United Kingdom, 1891–1934)
Bordercrossing Berlin (Germany, 2006-2008)
Botteghe Oscure (Italy, 1948–1960)
The Century Magazine (United States, 1881–1930)
Chelsea (United States, 1958–2007)
The Christian Spectator (United States, 1819–1843)
CLUTCH (United States, 1991–1998)
Contempo (United States, 1931–1934)
The Criterion (United Kingdom, 1922–1939)
DDT (United States, 1980?-2005)
Descant (Canada, 1970-2015)
The Dial (United States, 1840–1929)
The Dome (United Kingdom, 1897–1900)
The Dublin Magazine (Ireland, 1923–1958)
Edinburgh Review (United Kingdom, 1822–1929)
The Egoist (United Kingdom, 1914–1919)
Encounter (United Kingdom, 1953–1991)
The English Intelligencer (United Kingdom, 1966–1968)
The Glebe (United States, 1913–1914)
Grand Street (United States, 1981–2004)
The Harvard Monthly (United States, 1885–1917)
Horizon (United Kingdom, 1940–1949)
The Inner Well (United States, 1966-1968)
Ireland Today (Ireland, 1936–1938)
The Lace Curtain (United Kingdom, 1969–1978)
The Little Review (United States, 1914–1929)
The Messenger (United States, 1917–1928)
Modern Review (United Kingdom, 1991–1995)
Moody Street Irregulars (United States, 1978–1992)
Muschelhaufen (Germany, 1962–2008)
The Nebraska Review (United States, 1972–2003)
Nemonymous (United Kingdom, 2001–2010?)
The New Englander (United States, 1843–1884)
New World Writing (United States, 1951–1964)
New Yorkshire Writing (United Kingdom, 1977–1979)
Nineteenth Century (and After) (United Kingdom, 1877–1972)
Nocturnal Submissions (Australia, 1991–1999)
Old Crow Review (United States, 1990–2005)
Ole' Magazine (United States, circa 1966?) Optimism Monthly (Czech Republic, 1995–2009)
Others: A Magazine of the New Verse (United States, 1915–1919)
Partisan Review (United States, 1934–2003)
Pearl (United States, 1974-2014)
Pen Pusher (United Kingdom, 2005–2011)
Pertinent (Australia, 1940-1947)
The Port Folio (United States, 1800–1814)
Puck (United States, 1990s?)
Quarterly Review of Literature (United States, 1943–1999)
The Quiet Feather (United Kingdom, 2003–2007)
Ramparts (United States, 1962–1975) Revue de Paris (France, 1829–????)
San Francisco Review of Books (United States, 1975–1997)
The Savoy (United Kingdom, 1896)
Scribner's Magazine (United States, 1887–1939)
Scripsi (Australia, 1981–1994)
Shadowed Realms (online, 2004–2006)
The Smart Set (United States, 1900–1930)
Story (Austria and U.S., 1931–2000)
Tel Quel (France, 1960–1982)
The Transatlantic Review (France/UK, 1924)
Transatlantic Review (US/UK, 1959–1977)
Transition (France, 1927–1938)
Vedem (Czech Republic, 1942–1944)
X (United Kingdom, 1959–1962)
Yale Review (United States, 1885–1892)
The Yellow Book (United Kingdom, 1894–1897)
Journals which are no longer published
Saturday, 21 October 2017
ENGLISH LITERATURE
Literary Periods,
Movements, and
History Literature
History Henry Augustin Beers was a literature historian and professor at Yale who lived at the turn of the 19th century. He wrote intensely detailed histories of American and English literature, covering the periods up until what were his modern times. We have collected those works below.
English Literature History From the Conquest to Chaucer 1066-1400
From Chaucer to Spenser 1400-1599
The Age of Shakespeare 1564-1616
The Age of Milton 1608-1674
From the Restoration to the Death of Pope 1660-1744
The Death of Pope to the French Revolution 1744-1789
The French Revolution to the Death of Scott 1789-1832
From the Death of Scott to the Present Time 1832-1893
Appendix
American Literature History
Preface The Colonial Period 1607-1765
The Revolutionary Period 1765-1815
The Era of National Expansion 1815-1837
The Concord Writers 1837-1861
The Cambridge Scholars 1837-1861
Literature in the Cities 1837-1861
Literature Since 1861
Appendix
Periods of English Literature
Tuesday, 17 October 2017
Poem
INCLUSION
UNIT 4
POEM
INCLUSION
To be a part
And not stand apart
To belong
And not to be isolated
To have friends
And not just companions
To feel needed
And not just a person with needs
To participate
And not just be a spectator
To have responsibilities
And not just enjoy rights
To have opportunities
And not favours
Is to be really included.
-DIPTI BHATIA
Tuesday, 3 October 2017
INDIAN MATHEMATICS
INDIAN MATHEMATICS -
BRAHMAGUPTA.
Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) The great 7th Century Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta wrote some important works on both mathematics and astronomy.
He was from the state of Rajasthan of northwest India (he is often referred to as Bhillamalacarya, the teacher from Bhillamala), and later became the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain in central India.
Most of his works are composed in elliptic verse, a common practice in Indian mathematics at the time, and consequently have something of a poetic ring to them. It seems likely that Brahmagupta's works, especially his most famous text, the
"Brahmasphutasiddhanta", were brought by the 8th Century Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur to his newly founded centre of learning at Baghdad on the banks of the Tigris, providing an important link between Indian mathematics and astronomy and the nascent upsurge in science and mathematics in the Islamic world. In his work on arithmetic, Brahmagupta explained how to find the cube and cube-root of an integer and gave rules facilitating the computation of squares and square roots.
He also gave rules for dealing with five types of combinations of fractions. He gave the sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers as n(n + 1)(2n + 1)⁄ 6 and the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers as (n(n + 1)⁄2)².  Brahmagupta’s rules for dealing with zero and negative numbers "Brahmagupta’s genius, thou"gh, came in his treatment of the concept of (then relatively new) the number zero.
Although often also attributed to the 7th Century Indian mathematician Bhaskara I, his "Brahmasphutasiddhanta" is probably the earliest known text to treat zero as a number in its own right, rather than as simply a placeholder digit as was done by the Babylonians, or as a symbol for a lack of quantity as was done by the Greeks and Romans.
Brahmagupta established the basic mathematical rules for dealing with zero (1 + 0 = 1; 1 - 0 = 1; and 1 x 0 = 0), although his understanding of division by zero was incomplete (he thought that 1 ÷ 0 = 0). Almost 500 years later, in the 12th Century, another Indian mathematician, Bhaskara II, showed that the answer should be infinity, not zero (on the grounds that 1 can be divided into an infinite number of pieces of size zero), an answer that was considered correct for centuries.
However, this logic does not explain why 2 ÷ 0, 7 ÷ 0, etc, should also be zero - the modern view is that a number divided by zero is actually "undefined" (i.e. it doesn't make sense). Brahmagupta’s view of numbers as abstract entities, rather than just for counting and measuring, allowed him to make yet another huge conceptual leap which would have profound consequence for future mathematics. Previously, the sum 3 - 4, for example, was considered to be either meaningless or, at best, just zero. Brahmagupta, however, realized that there could be such a thing as a negative number, which he referred to as “debt” as a opposed to "property".
He expounded on the rules for dealing with negative numbers (e.g. a negative times a negative is a positive, a negative times a positive is a negative, etc). Furthermore, he pointed out, quadratic equations (of the type x2 + 2 = 11, for example) could in theory have two possible solutions, one of which could be negative, because 32 = 9 and -32 = 9. In addition to his work on solutions to general linear equations and quadratic equations, Brahmagupta went yet further by considering systems of simultaneous equations (set of equations containing multiple variables), and solving quadratic equations with two unknowns, something which was not even considered in the West until a thousand years later, when Fermat was considering similar problems in 1657.
Brahmagupta’s Theorem on cyclic quadrilaterals Brahmagupta even attempted to write down these rather abstract concepts, using the initials of the names of colours to represent unknowns in his equations, one of the earliest intimations of what we now know as algebra.
Brahmagupta dedicated a substantial portion of his work to geometry and trigonometry. He established √10 (3.162277) as a good practical approximation for π (3.141593), and gave a formula, now known as Brahmagupta's Formula, for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral, as well as a celebrated theorem on the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral, usually referred to as Brahmagupta's Theorem.
"The Story of Mathematics"
Sunday, 1 October 2017
Aristotle Quotes....
ARISTOTLE QUOTES
10)......"It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light."
9)......"Quality is not an act, it is a habit."
8)......"The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet."
7)......"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it."
6)......"Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit."
5)......"Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work."
4)....."There is no great genius without some touch of madness."
3)......"The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal."
2)......"Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies."
1)......."My best friend is the man who in wishing me well wishes it for my sake."
This is ten famous quotes for ARISTOTLE
Friday, 29 September 2017
Computer
Types of Computers
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I, Computer: Definition
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal characteristics are:
It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).
It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
Therefore computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably. Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery (wires, transistors, and circuits) is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software. All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:
Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions organized in programs ("software") which tell the computer what to do.
Memory (fast, expensive, short-term memory): Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data, programs, and intermediate results.
Mass storage device (slower, cheaper, long-term memory): Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data and programs between jobs. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.
Input device: Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.
Output device: A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.
In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.
II, Computer sizes and power
Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap:
Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.
Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor.
Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously.
Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
Supercomputer and Mainframe
Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting). Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research.
Mainframe was a term originally referring to the cabinet containing the central processor unit or "main frame" of a room-filling Stone Age batch machine. After the emergence of smaller "minicomputer" designs in the early 1970s, the traditional big iron machines were described as "mainframe computers" and eventually just as mainframes. Nowadays a Mainframe is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe. The distinction between small mainframes and minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the manufacturer wants to market its machines.
Minicomputer
It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from up to 200 users simultaneously.
Workstation
It is a type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities. Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, at large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. The most common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like personal computers, most workstations are single-user computers. However, workstations are typically linked together to form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.
N.B.: In networking, workstation refers to any computer connected to a local-area network. It could be a workstation or a personal computer.
Personal computer:
It can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. In price, personal computers range anywhere from a few hundred pounds to over five thousand pounds. All are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is for playing games and recently for surfing the Internet.
Personal computers first appeared in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competing operating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM entered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the wayside. P.C. is short for personal computer or IBM PC. One of the few companies to survive IBM's onslaught was Apple Computer, which remains a major player in the personal computer marketplace. Other companies adjusted to IBM's dominance by building IBM clones, computers that were internally almost the same as the IBM PC, but that cost less. Because IBM clones used the same microprocessors as IBM PCs, they were capable of running the same software. Over the years, IBM has lost much of its influence in directing the evolution of PCs. Therefore after the release of the first PC by IBM the term PC increasingly came to mean IBM or IBM-compatible personal computers, to the exclusion of other types of personal computers, such as Macintoshes. In recent years, the term PC has become more and more difficult to pin down. In general, though, it applies to any personal computer based on an Intel microprocessor, or on an Intel-compatible microprocessor. For nearly every other component, including the operating system, there are several options, all of which fall under the rubric of PC
Today, the world of personal computers is basically divided between Apple Macintoshes and PCs. The principal characteristics of personal computers are that they are single-user systems and are based on microprocessors. However, although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, it is common to link them together to form a network. In terms of power, there is great variety. At the high end, the distinction between personal computers and workstations has faded. High-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and DEC.
III, Personal Computer Types
Actual personal computers can be generally classified by size and chassis / case. The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural support for electronic components. Every computer system requires at least one chassis to house the circuit boards and wiring. The chassis also contains slots for expansion boards. If you want to insert more boards than there are slots, you will need an expansion chassis, which provides additional slots. There are two basic flavors of chassis designs–desktop models and tower models–but there are many variations on these two basic types. Then come the portable computers that are computers small enough to carry. Portable computers include notebook and subnotebook computers, hand-held computers, palmtops, and PDAs.
Tower model
The term refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard, and mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a more compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are fewer space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices easier.
Desktop model
A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the monitor sitting on top of the computer. Desktop model computers are broad and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall. Because of their shape, desktop model computers are generally limited to three internal mass storage devices. Desktop models designed to be very small are sometimes referred to as slimline models.
Notebook computer
An extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase. Aside from size, the principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook display screens varies considerably. In terms of computing power, modern notebook computers are nearly equivalent to personal computers. They have the same CPUs, memory capacity, and disk drives. However, all this power in a small package is expensive. Notebook computers cost about twice as much as equivalent regular-sized computers. Notebook computers come with battery packs that enable you to run them without plugging them in. However, the batteries need to be recharged every few hours.
Laptop computer
A small, portable computer -- small enough that it can sit on your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook computers.
Subnotebook computer
A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller than a full-sized notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers have a smaller keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers.
Hand-held computer
A portable computer that is small enough to be held in one’s hand. Although extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not replaced notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens. The most popular hand-held computers are those that are specifically designed to provide PIM (personal information manager) functions, such as a calendar and address book. Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small keyboard problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen. However, these pen-based devices rely on handwriting recognition technologies, which are still in their infancy. Hand-held computers are also called PDAs, palmtops and pocket computers.
Palmtop
A small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for certain functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops that use a pen rather than a keyboard for input are often called hand-held computers or PDAs. Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include disk drives. However, many contain PCMCIA slots in which you can insert disk drives, modems, memory, and other devices. Palmtops are also called PDAs, hand-held computers and pocket computers.
PDA
Short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, and networking features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. Unlike portable computers, most PDAs are pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporate handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition technologies. The field of PDA was pioneered by Apple Computer, which introduced the Newton MessagePad in 1993. Shortly thereafter, several other manufacturers offered similar products. To date, PDAs have had only modest success in the marketplace, due to their high price tags and limited applications. However, many experts believe that PDAs will eventually become common gadgets.
PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers.
Wednesday, 27 September 2017
Tuesday, 26 September 2017
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